Prescription · opioids
Opioids
Oxycodone · Hydrocodone · Morphine · Tramadol · Buprenorphine
Mechanism
Activate mu-opioid receptors, reducing pain signal transmission and producing euphoria.
Environmental footprint
Slows gut motility severely (opioid-induced constipation). Suppresses breathing at high doses. Tolerance and dependence with regular use.
What the evidence shows
Effective for acute severe pain. Poor long-term outcome data for chronic non-cancer pain. Constipation, dependence, respiratory depression, and hyperalgesia documented.
Systems affected
Biome maps medication footprints; it does not recommend starting, stopping, or changing any prescription. Always consult your prescriber or pharmacist.